A moses

[moh-ziz, -zis] /ˈmoʊ zɪz, -zɪs/
noun
anna mary robertson (“grandma moses”) 1860–1961, u.s. painter.
robert, 1888–1981, u.s. public official: new york city commissioner of parks 1934–60.
moses
/ˈməʊzɪz/
noun
(old testament) the hebrew prophet who led the israelites out of egypt to the promised land and gave them divinely revealed laws
ed. born 1956, us hurdler; winner of the 400 m hurdles in the 1976 and 1984 olympic games
grandma, real name anna mary robertson moses. 1860–1961, us painter of primitives, who began to paint at the age of 75
moses

masc. proper name, name of hebrew prophet and lawgiver, from latin, from greek mouses, from hebrew mosheh, of unknown origin.

most scholars see in it the hebraization of egyptian mes, mesu ‘child, son,’ which is often used in theophorous names. according to this derivation the words of pharaoh’s daughter in ex. 2:10, ‘for out of the water i drew him’ are not the explanation of the hebrew name mosheh, but express the idea that the egyptian name given by pharaoh’s daughter resembles in sound, and therefore, reminds us of, the hebrew verb mashah ‘he drew out,’ which is suggestive of the words spoken by pharaoh’s daughter. [dr. ernest klein, “a comprehensive etymological dictionary of the english language”]

as an expletive or oath, 1840.

the great leader, lawgiver, and prophet of the ancient israelites (hebrews). according to the old testament, moses was born in egypt, where the hebrews were living as slaves. when moses was an infant, the egyptian ruler, or pharaoh, ordered all the male children of the hebrews slain. moses’ mother placed him in a small boat made of bulrushes and hid him in a marsh, where he was found by the daughter of the pharaoh, who adopted him.

when moses was a grown man, he killed an egyptian who was beating a hebrew and had to flee egypt to escape punishment. one day, while moses was living in exile, g-d spoke to him from a burning bush, commanding him to return to egypt and bring the hebrews out of bondage. moses went back to egypt and told the pharaoh of g-d’s command; when the pharaoh refused to release the hebrews from slavery, g-d sent the plagues of egypt to afflict the egyptians. the pharaoh finally relented, and moses led his people out of egypt across the red sea, on the journey that became known as the exodus. shortly afterward, moses received the ten commandments from g-d on mount sinai. moses and his people wandered in the wilderness for forty years; then, just as they came within sight of the promised land, moses died.

drawn (or egypt. mesu, “son;” hence rameses, royal son). on the invitation of pharaoh (gen. 45:17-25), jacob and his sons went down into egypt. this immigration took place probably about 350 years before the birth of moses. some centuries before joseph, egypt had been conquered by a pastoral semitic race from asia, the hyksos, who brought into cruel subjection the native egyptians, who were an african race. jacob and his retinue were accustomed to a shepherd’s life, and on their arrival in egypt were received with favour by the king, who -ssigned them the “best of the land”, the land of goshen, to dwell in. the hyksos or “shepherd” king who thus showed favour to joseph and his family was in all probability the pharaoh apopi (or apopis). thus favoured, the israelites began to “multiply exceedingly” (gen. 47:27), and extended to the west and south. at length the supremacy of the hyksos came to an end. the descendants of jacob were allowed to retain their possession of goshen undisturbed, but after the death of joseph their position was not so favourable. the egyptians began to despise them, and the period of their “affliction” (gen. 15:13) commenced. they were sorely oppressed. they continued, however, to increase in numbers, and “the land was filled with them” (ex. 1:7). the native egyptians regarded them with suspicion, so that they felt all the hardship of a struggle for existence. in process of time “a king [probably seti i.] arose who knew not joseph” (ex. 1:8). (see pharaoh.) the circ-mstances of the country were such that this king thought it necessary to weaken his israelite subjects by oppressing them, and by degrees reducing their number. they were accordingly made public slaves, and were employed in connection with his numerous buildings, especially in the erection of store-cities, temples, and palaces. the children of israel were made to serve with rigour. their lives were made bitter with hard bondage, and “all their service, wherein they made them serve, was with rigour” (ex. 1:13, 14). but this cruel oppression had not the result expected of reducing their number. on the contrary, “the more the egyptians afflicted them, the more they multiplied and grew” (ex. 1:12). the king next tried, through a compact secretly made with the guild of midwives, to bring about the destruction of all the hebrew male children that might be born. but the king’s wish was not rigorously enforced; the male children were spared by the midwives, so that “the people multiplied” more than ever. thus baffled, the king issued a public proclamation calling on the people to put to death all the hebrew male children by casting them into the river (ex. 1:22). but neither by this edict was the king’s purpose effected. one of the hebrew households into which this cruel edict of the king brought great alarm was that of amram, of the family of the kohathites (ex. 6:16-20), who with his wife jochebed and two children, miriam, a girl of perhaps fifteen years of age, and aaron, a boy of three years, resided in or near memphis, the capital city of that time. in this quiet home a male child was born (b.c. 1571). his mother concealed him in the house for three months from the knowledge of the civic authorities. but when the task of concealment became difficult, jochebed contrived to bring her child under the notice of the daughter of the king by constructing for him an ark of bulrushes, which she laid among the flags which grew on the edge of the river at the spot where the princess was wont to come down and bathe. her plan was successful. the king’s daughter “saw the child; and behold the child wept.” the princess (see pharaoh’s daughter øt0002924 [1]) sent miriam, who was standing by, to fetch a nurse. she went and brought the mother of the child, to whom the princess said, “take this child away, and nurse it for me, and i will give thee thy wages.” thus jochebed’s child, whom the princess called “moses”, i.e., “saved from the water” (ex. 2:10), was ultimately restored to her. as soon as the natural time for weaning the child had come, he was transferred from the humble abode of his father to the royal palace, where he was brought up as the adopted son of the princess, his mother probably accompanying him and caring still for him. he grew up amid all the grandeur and excitement of the egyptian court, maintaining, however, probably a constant fellowship with his mother, which was of the highest importance as to his religious belief and his interest in his “brethren.” his education would doubtless be carefully attended to, and he would enjoy all the advantages of training both as to his body and his mind. he at length became “learned in all the wisdom of the egyptians” (acts 7:22). egypt had then two chief seats of learning, or universities, at one of which, probably that of heliopolis, his education was completed. moses, being now about twenty years of age, spent over twenty more before he came into prominence in bible history. these twenty years were probably spent in military service. there is a tradition recorded by josephus that he took a lead in the war which was then waged between egypt and ethiopia, in which he gained renown as a skilful general, and became “mighty in deeds” (acts 7:22). after the termination of the war in ethiopia, moses returned to the egyptian court, where he might reasonably have expected to be loaded with honours and enriched with wealth. but “beneath the smooth current of his life hitherto, a life of alternate luxury at the court and comparative hardness in the camp and in the discharge of his military duties, there had lurked from childhood to youth, and from youth to manhood, a secret discontent, perhaps a secret ambition. moses, amid all his egyptian surroundings, had never forgotten, had never wished to forget, that he was a hebrew.” he now resolved to make himself acquainted with the condition of his countrymen, and “went out unto his brethren, and looked upon their burdens” (ex. 2:11). this tour of inspection revealed to him the cruel oppression and bondage under which they everywhere groaned, and could not fail to press on him the serious consideration of his duty regarding them. the time had arrived for his making common cause with them, that he might thereby help to break their yoke of bondage. he made his choice accordingly (heb. 11:25-27), -ssured that g-d would bless his resolution for the welfare of his people. he now left the palace of the king and took up his abode, probably in his father’s house, as one of the hebrew people who had for forty years been suffering cruel wrong at the hands of the egyptians. he could not remain indifferent to the state of things around him, and going out one day among the people, his indignation was roused against an egyptian who was maltreating a hebrew. he rashly lifted up his hand and slew the egyptian, and hid his body in the sand. next day he went out again and found two hebrews striving together. he speedily found that the deed of the previous day was known. it reached the ears of pharaoh (the “great rameses,” rameses ii.), who “sought to slay moses” (ex. 2:15). moved by fear, moses fled from egypt, and betook himself to the land of midian, the southern part of the peninsula of sinai, probably by much the same route as that by which, forty years afterwards, he led the israelites to sinai. he was providentially led to find a new home with the family of reuel, where he remained for forty years (acts 7:30), under training unconsciously for his great life’s work. suddenly the angel of the lord appeared to him in the burning bush (ex. 3), and commissioned him to go down to egypt and “bring forth the children of israel” out of bondage. he was at first unwilling to go, but at length he was obedient to the heavenly vision, and left the land of midian (4:18-26). on the way he was met by aaron (q.v.) and the elders of israel (27-31). he and aaron had a hard task before them; but the lord was with them (ch. 7-12), and the ransomed host went forth in triumph. (see exodus.) after an eventful journey to and fro in the wilderness, we see them at length encamped in the plains of moab, ready to cross over the jordan into the promised land. there moses addressed the -ssembled elders (deut. 1:1-4; 5:1-26:19; 27:11-30:20), and gives the people his last counsels, and then rehe-rs-s the great song (deut. 32), clothing in fitting words the deep emotions of his heart at such a time, and in review of such a marvellous history as that in which he had acted so conspicious a part. then, after blessing the tribes (33), he ascends to “the mountain of nebo (q.v.), to the top of pisgah, that is over against jericho” (34:1), and from thence he surveys the land. “jehovah shewed him all the land of gilead, unto dan, and all naphtali, and the land of ephraim, and man-sseh, and all the land of judah, unto the utmost sea, and the south, and the plain of the valley of jericho, the city of palm trees, unto zoar” (deut. 34:2-3), the magnificient inheritance of the tribes of whom he had been so long the leader; and there he died, being one hundred and twenty years old, according to the word of the lord, and was buried by the lord “in a valley in the land of moab, over against beth-peor” (34:6). the people mourned for him during thirty days. thus died “moses the man of g-d” (deut. 33:1; josh. 14:6). he was distinguished for his meekness and patience and firmness, and “he endured as seeing him who is invisible.” “there arose not a prophet since in israel like unto moses, whom the lord knew face to face, in all the signs and the wonders, which the lord sent him to do in the land of egypt to pharaoh, and to all his servants, and to all his land, and in all that mighty hand, and in all the great terror which moses shewed in the sight of all israel” (deut. 34:10-12). the name of moses occurs frequently in the psalms and prophets as the chief of the prophets. in the new testament he is referred to as the representative of the law and as a type of christ (john 1:17; 2 cor. 3:13-18; heb. 3:5, 6). moses is the only character in the old testament to whom christ likens himself (john 5:46; comp. deut. 18:15, 18, 19; acts 7:37). in heb. 3:1-19 this likeness to moses is set forth in various particulars. in jude 1:9 mention is made of a contention between michael and the devil about the body of moses. this dispute is supposed to have had reference to the concealment of the body of moses so as to prevent idolatry.