Stones, cystine kidney
Hematuria — blood in the urine;
Flank pain — pain in the side, due to kidney pain;
Renal colic – intense, cramping pain due to stones in the urinary tract;
Obstructive uropathy — urinary tract disease due to obstruction; and
Urinary tract infections.
Prevention of stone formation is directed at decreasing the cystine concentration in the urine. This is done by increasing the amount of fluid intake and keeping the urine volume at up to four liters per day. A low-sodium diet has also been reported to reduce urine cystine excretion. If the urine pH is increased, the solubility of the cystine is increased. It is difficult to maintain the elevated pH on a long-term basis. Some medications have been found to bind cystine and help reduce the risk of stone formation; side effects may limit their use, however.
For a fuller understanding of cystinuria, including the diagnosis, the different modes of treatment, the genetics of cystinuria and the prognosis for persons with this disease, please see the Cystinuria article.
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