Transmission, vertical


Passage of a disease-causing agent (pathogen) from mother to baby during the period immediately before and after birth. Transmission might occur across the placenta, in the breast milk, or through direct contact during or after birth. For example, HIV can be a vertically transmitted pathogen. Also known as perinatal transmission.

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  • Transplant

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  • Transplant, hand and forearm

    Transplantation of the hand and the forearm from one person (a deceased donor) to another (the recipient). In the first hand transplant, performed in Ecuador in 1964, the donor hand was rejected after two weeks. The first successful hand and forearm transplant was done in 1998 in Lyon, France. In 1999, surgeons in Louisville, Kentucky, […]

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